Assessment of Educational Environment of Newly Established Medical College by UG Medical Students: A Mixed Method Study

Introduction: Educational environment always play a crucial role in the development of students as well as faculty of any institution. In India, there is a continuous increase in the number of medical colleges and the number of MBBS seats, but the quality of education with quantity is questionable. To answer this question, the present study was planned to know the educational environment in a new Medical Institution that ejected its alumni in 2018. Aim: To analyze the educational environment of a newly established Medical College in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional which took six months to complete. This study used the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire, open-ended questions and focus group discussions (FGDs). The study was conducted on MBBS students in Government Medical College, Azamgarh, UP. Results: The batch-wise Global DREEM scores were 169.08 (alumni), 156.23 (interns), 168.76 (2015), 164.16 (2016), 176.23 (2017), 176.94 (2018). This demonstrates that the educational environment is satisfactory in all domains and comes under the 3rd category of the educational environment index. The FGDs showed a positive response in all batches but with high variability in scores, which indicates lack of standardization in Medical Education. The open-ended questions’ responses revealed many merits and demerits about five domains. Conclusion: The variability of DREEM score, FGDs and open ended questions denotes the lack of standardization in the Medical Education system and the scores of the Education Environment Index (all domains) must move from category III (satisfactory) to category IV (excellence).

ORAL CANCER NOVEL TREATMENTS AND APPROACHES

The aggressive tumour known as oral cancer can metastasize, produce a high fatality rate, and infect nearby tissue. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, for example, are common treatment options that, when used in clinical settings, have both minimal drawbacks and major side effects. Currently, oral therapeutic medication delivery using targeted drug administration is proving to be effective. In recent years, an effective alternative therapy known as “nanomedicine,” or using nanoplatforms to deliver drugs for the treatment of cancer, has evolved. Thanks to the use of nanoplatforms, drug delivery to the tumour site can be done precisely and with minimal drug degradation in the body. As a result, the drug's toxicity is diminished, its concentration at the tumour site is elevated, and its distribution to other organs is kept to minimum. We present a contemporary review of the development medication delivery targeted for the treatment of oral cancer in this article different oral delivery systems, including as cyclodextrins, liposomes, hydrogel-based forms, and nanolipids are highlighted and explored. Biomimetic systems, such as therapeutic vitamins, proteins, exosomes, and virus-like particles, with a focus on cancer treatment, are also described. The study concludes with a brief analysis of future applications for nanoplatforms in the treatment of oral cancer

ROLE OF CIRCULATING MIR-21 EXPRESSION PROFILES AND THEIR EMERGENCE AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Among the widest range of prevalent forms of cancer is oral carcinoma, which can develop anywhere in the mouth or even on the lips. Although there have been many advances in cancer treatment, the expected lifespan for OSCCs have indeed increased marginally. The load of OSCC is anticipated to increase in the near future, yet there is no sign of relief in view. Tumorigenesis is just one of the many physiological processes that can be controlled by microRNAs, a class noncoding endogenous RNAs. Several fibrosis disorders have been linked to miR- 21, and it has been utilised to distinguish oral and tongue cancer from healthy individuals. Studies empirically highlighted the significance of these transcripts as a predictor for prediction and diagnosis in OSCCs. Therefore, the present review summarizes the expression levels of miRNAs in OSCCs and evaluates their functioning in the progression or suppression of cancer. miR-21 can be considered as a prospective candidate for their translational use in OSCCs for early diagnosis prognosis surveillance and tailored treatment which should undergo further validation.

THERAPEUTIC USES OF BUTEA MONOSPERMA

New synthetic drugs have many side effects on health as compared to the traditional herbs used in the past.The use of medicinal plants have been en established source for a relief from illness which can be traced back over five millennia. Antibiotics are one of the life saving weapons for humans but over the past few decades these health benefits are under threat as antibiotics have become less effective and also create toxic after effects affecting human life more. The well-known medicinal herb Butea monosperma is a moderately Sizeable deciduous tree and is widely dispersed in Asian hemispheres, Burma and Sri Lanka. From time to time it has been used in traditional medicinal practices. It has been mentioned in ayurveda for medicinal uses and mythological references, also The population's health care system continues to be heavily influenced by traditional medical practises, homoeopathy, and folklore. Rural and tribal people utilise the herb extensively to treat a variety of ailments. It is known in many languages apart from its botanical name. It is called Flame of forest, Dhak, Palash etc. It has been used to treat a variety of illnesses including cancer, diabetes, dysentery, fever, jaundice, diarrhoea, and jaundice, among others. A great variety of phytochemicals, primarily flavonoids, lactones, diterpenoids, phytosterols, etc., are present in the plant's aerial portion. The need for new antimicrobial compounds from alternative sources has arisen as a result of the development of drug resistance in human infections against routinely used antibiotics. Finding possible novel chemicals for therapeutic purposes requires screening medicinal plants for antibacterial and phytochemical properties

Age at natural menopause and factors affecting its onset: A cross-sectional study among postmenopausal females in District Dehradun

Background: Menopause has become a popular topic of study as life expectancy rises around the world. The average age at menopause in both developed and developing countries ranges from 45 to 53 years. Factors influencing the extent of ovarian follicle reserve dwindling, such as sociodemographic, menstrual, reproductive, and dietary factors. Aim and Objective: The present study aimed to determine the mean age of menopause and to find out the various factors affecting menopause onset. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study conducted in rural and urban areas of District Dehradun for a period of 1 year starting 1st August 2020 to 31st July 2021. Data were collected using multistage stratified random sampling from 211 cases of natural menopause. Chisquare was applied as statistical test of significance and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: According to current study, average age menopausal age is 46 years. Variables like sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, reproductive and menstrual factors were found to have a significant relationship with onset of menopause. Conclusion: Menopause, whether it occurs early or late in life, several factors are responsible for deciding its onset. As a result, it is critical to identify the factors influencing the onset of menopause.

ROLE OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA (LOTUS) STEM AS IMMUNITY BOOSTER AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FOOD

In China and India, Nelumbo nucifera, a perennial aquatic plant, has been used as a medicinal herb. The various sections of plants, such as leaves, seeds, flowers and rhizomes, have been reported to have beneficial effects in the treatment of pharyngopathy, pectoralgia, spermatorrhoea, leucoderma, smallpox, dysentery, cough, haematemesis, epistaxis, haemoptysis, haematuria, metrorrhagia, hyperlipidaemia, fever, cholera, hepatopathy and hyperdipsia in the traditional medicine system. Different pharmacological activities such as anti-ischaemic activity, antioxidant activity, hepato- protective activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-fertility activity, anti- arrhythmic activity, anti-fibrosis activity, antiviral activity, anti-proliferative activity, anti-diarrhoeal activity, psychopharmacological activity, antipyretic activity, immune-modulatory activity, hypoglycaemic activity, aldose reductase inhibitory activity, antibacterial, aphrodisiac activity, anti-platelet activity, cardiovascular activity, anti-obesity activity, lipolytic activity, hypo-cholesterolaemic activity, hepato-protective activity, anticancer activitydiuretic activity, antioxidant activity have been clinically evaluated for N.nucifera. Different pharmacological activities such as anti-ischaemic activity, antioxidant activity, hepato-protective activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-fertility activity, anti-arrhythmic activity, anti- fibrosis activity, antiviral activity, anti-proliferative activity, anti-diarrhoeal activity, psychopharmacological activity, diuretic activity, antioxidant activity have been clinically evaluated for N.nucifera. A wide number of phytoprinciples from the plant have been isolated. The present review seeks to consolidate the traditional, ethno-botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological data available on N.nucifera stem and to explore its role as an immunity booster and anti-inflammatory food.

ROLE OF TUMOR MARKERS IN CERVICAL CARCINOGENESIS

Various types of tumor markers are currently being investigated to ascertain their capability in discriminating pre-cancerous lesions of cervix who have tendency for progression. The adequate treatment of such cases will check any chances of occurrence of carcinoma cervix in the population. The micro- RNAs are sensitive tumor markers but their high cost and sophisticated technique make them not feasible to be introduced in any cervical cancer screening program under Indian setup. Other tumor markers like claudins, p16, Ki67 etc are also very expensive. AgNOR pleomorphic counts and micronuclei counts are cheaper, the farmer being more reliable can be introduced in cytological screening program to identify high risk cases and can easily replace costly Human papilloma virus (HPV)- DNA testing.

A comparative study of PSI and Curb-65 scoring systems in predicting ICU admissions and mortality in cases of community-acquired pneumonia

Background:Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advanced diagnostic modalities and treatment options, CAP is the fourth leading cause of death in developing countries.Several severity scores have been proposed to guide initial decision making on hospitalization and to predict the outcome. Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and CURB 65 are the two most widely used scoring systems to prognosticate pneumonia. Aim: To compare the efficacy of PSI and CURB 65 scoring systems inprognosticating the ICU admission and outcome in cases of CAP. Methodology: This wasan observational study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in westernMaharashtra.A hundred patients of CAP fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study, classified as per CURB 65 and PSI system and their outcome compared. Result: The study subjects comprised of 100 patients (64 men and 36 women) of CAP. Twenty-four patients needed ICU admission.In both PSI and CURB-65 risk scoring systems, the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality rates increased progressively with increasing scores.PSI class ≥IV and CURB 65 ≥III had 77.52% and 40.24% sensitivity and 88.46% and 69.48% specificity respectively in predicting ICU admissions. The PSI class ≥IV had more sensitivity and specificity in predicting ICU admission than CURB-65.CURB 65 class III and IV had sensitivity86.59% and 89.64% and specificity 89.64% and 97.54% respectivelyin predicting mortality, while PSI class IV and Vhadsensitivity68.92% and 72.58% and specificity 24.74% and 54.86% respectively. CURB 65 had more sensitivity and specificity than PSI in predicting mortality. Conclusion: The PSI is better in predicting the need for ICU admission and CURB 65 is a better predictor of mortality in cases of community-acquired pneumonia.

Morbidity pattern and health-seeking behavior among elderly population in rural area of district Barabanki: A cross-sectional study

Background: Aging is a universal and inevitable process of life. Elderly people are the most vulnerable group in terms of their health. In India geriatric-aged population is increasing day by day. Understanding the morbidities and health-seeking behavior of the elderly is essential for strengthening geriatric health-care services delivery. Objectives: The objectives of the study were (1) to assess the morbidity pattern in elderly people and (2) to know the health-seeking behavior of the aged population. Materials and Methods: This community-based, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted among 160 elderly individuals over a period of 3 months from February 2019 to April 2019. Participants were interviewed and clinically examined for the assessment of sociodemographic detail, morbidity profile, and health-seeking behavior. Results: Of 160 study subjects, 71 were males and 89 were females. The majority (61.3%) of the elderly were in the age group of 60–69 years. Overall the prevalence of morbidity was high, i.e., 76.9%. The most common illness was a nonspecific generalized weakness (48.1%) and gastrointestinal problems (44.4%). Majority of them (65.4%) have faith in allopathic medicines and used government facilities. Of the total morbid elderly, 15.5% of them could not get medical advice. Conclusions: High prevalence of morbidity among elderly population stresses the need to provide suitable health facilities and affordable health care to the elderly. Non-specific generalized weakness was one of the most important problems in this age group. Further research is to be done to know the cause of this weakness. Policymakers must focus on rural elderly and their beliefs which prevent them from seeking healthcare.

Effect of Cage or Deep Litter Housing on Production Performance of White Leghorn Chickens

The effect of cage or deep litter housing on production performance of White Leghorn was investigated in this experiment. A total 144 pullets of White Leghorn were randomly assigned to two treatments as; Cage housing and Deep litter housing. Results revealed that body weight at sexual maturity was significantly (P<0.05) lower in birds reared in cage than the deep litter housing. Moreover, lower feed intake was observed in birds kept in cages than that of deep litter housing. Feed conversion ratio in terms of feed intake/dozen eggs or feed intake/kg egg mass was better in birds reared in cages than the deep litter housing. The average hen day and hen house egg production were not affected due to different housing systems. Egg quality traits like albumen index, yolk index and Haugh unit score were significantly (P<0.05) higher for eggs produced by birds reared in cage housing than the deep litter housing. The profit of about 20% was observed in cage housing over deep litter housing. It was concluded that the lower feed consumption and body weight at sexual maturity, better feed conversion, egg quality and economic returns were achieved in cages compared to deep litter housing. However, cage or deep litter housing had no effect on egg production

Does faulty feeding practices act as a driver to undernutrition? A comparative study on rural and urban preschool children in Western Uttar Pradesh

Background: India is home to the largest number of underweight and stunted children in the world. While several studies have focused on the determinants of child’s nutrition status in India, little attention has been given to the aspect of rural-urban variation in child’s nutritional status. Bearing in mind that around 70% of India’s population resides in the rural area, the study of rural-urban divergence in nutritional status as indicator can be appreciated naturally. Objective: The objective of the study is to compare the feeding practices of children in the initial six months of life in rural and urban setting and to find out any relation between early feeding practices and nutritional status of young children. Materials and Methods: A community-based study was conducted for 2 months in the field practice areas of a tertiary care hospital. Multistage random sampling technique was used for the selection of study subjects. A total of 117 under-five children were studied equally from rural and urban area. A pre-designed pre-tested proforma was used to assess the feeding practices. Stunting and underweight were used to proxy the child nutrition status. Data were evaluated on SPSS version 17. Chi-square test was used to compare the feeding practices and to find out their association with nutritional status in the two areas. Results: Undernutrition was found in children who initiated early artificial feeds, i.e., in the first 6 months of life, were given over diluted milk, were bottle fed, and had inappropriate weaning practices in both the areas. Conclusions: Faulty feeding practices were found in both areas, but some of the parameters were still better in urban areas. Faulty feeding practices were found to be a significant predictor for undernutrition.

Case report- a case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rare invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease believed to be caused by an abnormal isoform of cellular infectious glycoprotein called prion protein. Though it is arare disease; yet it is the most common among prion diseases. Clinical presentation consists of rapidly progressive loss of memory, cognitive & visual disturbance, lack of coordination, myoclonus, cerebellar, pyramidal and extra pyramidal signs, akineticmutism & with progression of disease deterioration in higher mental functions become more pronounced. Periodic sharp triphasic wave complexes on EEG, high signal abnormalities in caudate nucleus and putamen on diffusion weighted (DW) or FLAIR MRI of Brain and positive 14-3-3 protein in CSF substantiate the diagnosis of CJD but definitive diagnosis is established by brain biopsy or autopsy materials. We report a case of 58-year old female patient who was admitted with complaints of rapidly progressive dementia, cognitive disturbance, blurring of vision and myoclonic jerks. Initial MRI brain and CSF findings were normal. Differential diagnoses that can present with rapidly progressive dementia and thereby mimic sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease were considered after review of literature. In EEG triphasic wave complexes were seen, repeat DWMRI after two weeks showed bilateral hyper-intensities in basal ganglia involving caudate nucleus and putamen, suggesting a diagnosis of probable CJD on the basis of center for disease control and prevention (CDC) criteria. The case is reported because of its rarity and also to emphasise that patients with rapidly progressive dementia, associated visual and cognitive disturbances and myoclonus should be investigated with DW MRI, EEG&CSF for diagnosis of CJD.

Conservation of Indigenous Cattle Breed

India, one of the twelve mega biodiversity countries in the world, is home to large diversified cattle genetic resources, having 190.9 M cattle and so far 43 registered native cattle breeds. These cattle breeds are specially adapted to different agro-climatic conditions of India and their genetic diversity is due to the process of domestication over the centuries. There is decrease of 4.10% in cattle population and 3.14% in cattle genetic resources of India as compared to the quinquennial livestock census. The exotic / crossbred population has been increased by 20.18% during the period of last census while population of indigenous cattle has been decreased by 8.94% during the same duration. The reasons for depletion of native breeds includes crossbreeding with exotic breeds, economically less viable, loosing utility, reduction in herd size and the large scale mechanization of agricultural operation. The native breeds need to be conserved for genetic insurance in future, scientific study, as a part of our ecosystem, cultural and ethical requirements and for energy sources in future. The indigenous breeds of cattle posses various unique characteristics such as the presence of unique genetic variation in HSP70 gene family, carry a ‘thermometer gene’ and presence of A2 allelic variant in cow milk, which makes them well adapted to the tropical climate. The conservation includes the preservation along with up-gradation (improvement) of the genetic potential and management of a breed for use in future. The effective management of indigenous cattle resources includes identification, characterization, evaluation, documentation and conservation. The future strategy should be to combine genetic improvement and conservation. Establishment of regional gene banks and people’s participation by involving breeders, communities, gaushalas, NGOs and other relevant stakeholders in conservation programs. For more effective conservation measures, proper coordination and integration among various agencies (ICAR, SAHD, SAUs, SVUs and Research Institutes) is highly needed. “National Consortium of Partners’ comprising different stakeholders should be formulated for conservation of indigenous breed resources with a holistic approach.

Comparative Study of Hemoglobin estimation by different methods

Background: Hemoglobin (Hb) estimation is one of the most frequently ordered investigations. Estimation of exact levels is important to stratify the grade of anemia and subsequently direct the necessary treatment. Conventionally, Hb has been estimated using colorimetric method, which is time tested and recommended by the WHO. Now-a-days, the automated method is also becoming a popular method in many hospitals. However, there are not many studies assessing the accuracy of the automated method over the gold standard. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed hemoglobin values in 180 adult patient-samples (18 per batch in 10 batches). Hemolyzed samples were excluded from the study. Blood samples were drawn in vials having K3 EDTA anticoagulants. After a proper mixing, hemoglobin was estimated by automated Sysmex XS-800i. Parallel estimation for Hb content was done manually by spectrophotometer 4010. Results: Patients ranged from ages 20 to 40 years (M:F=102:78). The lowest value recorded by Sysmex XS-800i was 5.8 while the highest value recorded was 18.6 gm%. The mean hemoglobin concentration on Sysmex XS-800i was 12.89. The lowest, highest and mean values recorded by the cyanmethemoglobin method on photometer were 5, 18 and 13.49 gm% respectively. This showed a mean difference of 0.597 and with significant p-value of <0.001. Conclusion: The lowest values of Hb were similar in both the methods but the mean as well as the highest values differed significantly. Our study found an accuracy of 95.57% with the 5 part analyzer when compared to the gold standard colorimetric method.

Intraarticular Involvement By Synovial Sarcoma: First Diagnosed On Synovial Fluid Aspiration

Synovial Sarcoma is a soft tissue neoplasm having incidence 6%- 10%.Malignant cells in synovial fluid aspiration is extremely rare. Only 5%cases have been reported to have joint cavity involvement. We report a case of synovial fluid malignant effusion of knee joint in a 35 year old male who presented with a left popliteal fossa swelling. Synovial fluid aspiration revealed tumor cell clusters with anaplastic morphology .Subsequent biopsy showed spindle cell tumor consistent with synovial sarcoma. This is a rare presentation of synovial sarcoma with the presence of malignant cells in synovial fluid

Dna Topoisomerases: A Review On Their Functionalaspects In Cell Division

DNA is double helical macromolecule which carries all the genetic information and it is usually found enveloped inside a nucleus. The DNA helix relaxes and supercoils itself frequently in order to derive information from the genes during processes like transcription, condensation, replication and recombination, which require mutable or immutable alterations to cause the separation of the two DNA strands. Due to problems caused by the helical structure of DNA, these topoisomerase enzymes perform the required DNA uncoiling. Their role in cell cycle is also significant as their mutation leads to failure of anaphase separation (1, 2). In the present review, the important roles of DNA topoisomerases and their inevitable role in cell growth and cell cycle are discussed viz. how they function in cell proliferation and what are the results when different inhibitors are added to the cells, affecting cell cycle at various checkpoints .

Performance of an in-house real-time PCR assay for detecting Cytomegalovirus infection among transplant patients from a tertiary care centre

Background: Quantitative Cytomegalovirus (CMV) polymerase chain reactions are increasingly being used for monitoring CMV DNAemia in haematopoietic stem cell transplants and solid organ transplants. Objective: In this study, a commercial CMV viral load assay was compared with an in-house viral load assay. Materials and Methods: A total of 176 whole-blood samples were tested for CMV DNAemia using both assays. Results: Our evaluation showed a difference of 1 log10copies/ml between the two assay systems in determining CMV viral loads in the clinical samples. Conclusion: The in-house viral load assay had a better correlation with clinical findings compared to the commercial assay. Quality assessment of these assays was done by the United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Scheme (UKNEQAS), an external proficiency testing programme, and by the National Institute for Biological Standard and Control (NIBSC) standard. For UKNEQAS and NIBSC standards, the bias between the assays was 0.73 log10and 0.85 log10, respectively. This difference is well within the acceptable range already reported in the literature.

Peripheral T cell lymphoma: Clinico-pathological characteristics & outcome from a tertiary care centre in south India

Background & objectives: Peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs), with universally poor outcome. This study was undertaken to provide data on demographics and outcomes of patients with PTCL who underwent treatment in a single tertiary care centre in southern India. Methods: Retrospective study was done on all patients (age ?18 yr) diagnosed with PTCL from January 2007 to December 2012. The diagnosis of PTCL was made according to the WHO Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Results: A total of 244 adult patients were diagnosed with PTCL (non-cutaneous). The most common subtype was PTCL-not otherwise specified (35.7%), followed by anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), ALK negative (21.3%), natural killer/T cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), ALCL, ALK positive, hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma (HSTCL) and adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma followed in frequency with 13.1, 11.5, 8.6, 8.2 and 1.6 per cent cases, respectively. The three-year Kaplan-Meier overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) for the patients who received chemotherapy (n=122) were 33.8�0 and 29.3�7 per cent, respectively. Various prognostic indices developed for T cell lymphomas were found to be useful. Interpretation & conclusions: Except for ALCL, ALK positive, all other PTCLs showed poor long-term outcome with CHOP-based chemotherapy. Novel therapies are needed to improve the outcome.

A Post-Mortem Medicolegal Study of Violent Asphyxial Deaths - An Autopsy Based Study

Background: The study was conducted in the mortuary of Babu Jagjivan Ram Memorial Hospital, Jahangir Puri, North-West district, Delhi to determine the frequency and epidemiology of violent asphyxial deaths in that region, in relation to age and gender variation. Duration of study: Autopsies conducted during January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013. Methods: Out of 2479(two thousand four hundred seventy nine) medico legal deaths autopsied at B.J.R.M. Hospital Delhi, during the study period, details were collected for those medico legal deaths identified to be due to violent asphyxial deaths. Results: 219 out of 2479 medico legal deaths were identified to be violent asphyxial deaths, making incidence rate 8.83%. There were 149(68.03%) males and 70(31.97%) females. Male predominance was seen in all asphyxial deaths except manual strangulation and smothering. Hanging and drowning were leading causes of violent asphyxial deaths. Conclusions: This study concludes that immuno-toxicity by cypermethrin insecticide is not similar in male and female subjects.

Lung Cancer Stem Cells-An Update

Lung cancer is regarded as one of the most common cancers in the world with a worldwide occurrence of approximately 1.8 million cases and an estimated mortality of 1.6 million in 2012 alone.1 In the United States, there are approximately 2,25,000 new cases of lung cancer with over 1,60,000 deaths annually. Lung cancer is a very serious problem of the Indian subcontinent, especially in the lower socioeconomic subgroups. In India lung carcinoma is the 5th most common tumor and 2nd most common tumor in the males as per the ICMR [Indian Council Of Medical Research] registry of 2002.It accounts for 6.9% of new cancer cases detected each year.3 The importance of study of stem cells and cancer stem cells lays in CSC acting as prognostic and therapeutic markers. It is a known fact that there are innate stem cells present in the lining of the bronchial epithelium, at the carina and alveolar lining which help in regeneration of lungs post injury , however there are present similar cells which post driver mutations are christened CSC and help in cancer survival, growth and chemo resistance. CSC also known as “cancer stem-like cells” (CSLCs), or “tumor-initiating cells” (TICs) are heterogeneous cell population comprising of a small subpopulation of cancer cells with the property of self-renewal and differentiation. CSCs are thought to be responsible for cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance.Important CSC under study in lung are, CD 133, ALDH 1, CD 44,ABCG2 etc.